[2026] Free AB-Abdomen Exam Dumps to Pass Exam Easily
AB-Abdomen Exam Dumps, AB-Abdomen Practice Test Questions
NEW QUESTION # 69
Which gray scale artifact is caused by the oscillation of gas bubbles?
- A. Refraction
- B. Ring down
- C. Reverberation
- D. Mirror image
Answer: B
Explanation:
Ring-down artifact occurs when gas bubbles resonate or oscillate, creating continuous echoes distal to the structure that appear as a vertical, echogenic band extending posteriorly. This is distinct from reverberation, which produces multiple discrete reflections.
According to Zwiebel's Introduction to Vascular Ultrasound:
"Ring-down artifact results from resonance of gas bubbles, producing a continuous, echogenic tail distal to the reflecting interface." Reference:
Zwiebel WJ, Pellerito JS. Introduction to Vascular Ultrasound. 6th ed. Elsevier, 2019.
AIUM Practice Parameter for Abdominal Ultrasound, 2020.
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NEW QUESTION # 70
Which condition is associated with multiple pancreatic cysts?
- A. Cystic fibrosis
- B. Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome
- C. Von Hippel Lindau syndrome
- D. Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
Answer: C
Explanation:
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with multiple pancreatic cysts, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, and other systemic neoplasms. While cystic fibrosis can produce thickened pancreatic secretions, it rarely causes true pancreatic cysts.
According to Rumack's Diagnostic Ultrasound:
"Multiple pancreatic cysts are strongly associated with Von Hippel Lindau syndrome." Reference:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.
WHO Classification of Digestive System Tumors, 5th ed., IARC, 2019.
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NEW QUESTION # 71
Which finding is indicated by the arrow in this image of the right upper quadrant?
- A. Pleural effusion
- B. Ascites
- C. Retroperitoneal hemorrhage
- D. Mirror image
Answer: A
Explanation:
The image provided is a right upper quadrant (RUQ) ultrasound-typically performed during a FAST (Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma) exam or for abdominal assessment. The arrow points to an anechoic (black) fluid collection seen above the diaphragm and posterior to the liver.
This fluid collection lies within the thoracic cavity, confirming the diagnosis of a pleural effusion. Pleural effusions are seen sonographically as an anechoic or hypoechoic area superior to the diaphragm in the thoracic cavity and often appear triangular or crescent-shaped. The diaphragm is visualized as a curvilinear echogenic structure separating the liver (or spleen) below from the lung space above.
Comparison of answer choices:
* A. Retroperitoneal hemorrhage would be seen in the posterior abdomen, not above the diaphragm.
* B. Pleural effusion is correct-anechoic fluid above the diaphragm is classic for this condition.
* C. Mirror image artifact occurs when liver echoes are mirrored across the diaphragm and lung-this is not a mirror artifact.
* D. Ascites collects inferior to the diaphragm and around the abdominal organs, not in the thoracic cavity.
References:
Ma OJ, Mateer JR, Blaivas M. Emergency Ultrasound, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill; 2014.
Moore CL, Copel JA. Point-of-care ultrasonography. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(8):749-757.
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound, 5th ed. Elsevier; 2017.
NEW QUESTION # 72
Which type of hernia is located medial to the inferior epigastric artery?
- A. Femoral
- B. Indirect inguinal
- C. Direct inguinal
- D. Spigelian
Answer: C
Explanation:
Direct inguinal hernias protrude through Hesselbach's triangle, which lies medial to the inferior epigastric artery. In contrast, indirect inguinal hernias pass lateral to the inferior epigastric artery via the deep inguinal ring.
According to Moore's Clinically Oriented Anatomy:
"Direct inguinal hernias occur medial to the inferior epigastric vessels, within Hesselbach's triangle." Reference:
Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 8th ed. Wolters Kluwer, 2018.
Gray's Anatomy for Students, 4th ed., Elsevier, 2019.
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NEW QUESTION # 73
Which change of the inferior vena cava spectral Doppler waveform is expected superior to a nonocclusive thrombus?
- A. Increased velocity
- B. Becomes multiphasic
- C. Absence of flow
- D. Dampening
Answer: D
Explanation:
In the presence of a nonocclusive thrombus, Doppler waveform above the thrombus typically shows dampened flow with loss of normal respiratory phasicity due to partial venous outflow obstruction. Complete absence of flow is typically seen with occlusive thrombus.
According to Zwiebel's Introduction to Vascular Ultrasound:
"Partial obstruction produces dampened and continuous flow patterns superior to a nonocclusive thrombus." Reference:
Zwiebel WJ, Pellerito JS. Introduction to Vascular Ultrasound. 6th ed. Elsevier, 2019.
AIUM Practice Parameter for Venous Ultrasound, 2020.
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NEW QUESTION # 74
Which condition is most likely in a patient presenting with weight loss and fatigue along with elevated liver enzymes, elevated potassium, and decreased sodium?
- A. Addison disease
- B. Hepatocellular carcinoma
- C. Acute pancreatitis
- D. Conn syndrome
Answer: A
Explanation:
Addison disease (primary adrenal insufficiency) results in insufficient production of cortisol and aldosterone.
The hallmark laboratory findings include:
* Hyponatremia (low sodium)
* Hyperkalemia (high potassium)
* Elevated liver enzymes (due to nonspecific hepatic involvement)
* Fatigue, weight loss, and hypotension are common clinical features.
* Conn syndrome (B) causes hyperaldosteronism, leading to hypokalemia (not hyperkalemia).
* Acute pancreatitis (C) would typically show elevated amylase/lipase.
* Hepatocellular carcinoma (D) may present with elevated liver enzymes but not the electrolyte pattern described.
Reference Extracts:
* Nieman LK. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency." J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2011;96(7):1957-1966.
* Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.
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NEW QUESTION # 75
Which area of the spleen is not covered by visceral peritoneum?
- A. Gastric surface
- B. Hilum
- C. Capsule
- D. Inferior border
Answer: B
Explanation:
The spleen is almost entirely covered by visceral peritoneum, except at the hilum where vessels, nerves, and lymphatics enter and exit. This area lacks peritoneal covering to allow vascular connection to the splenic artery and vein.
According to Moore's Clinically Oriented Anatomy:
"The spleen is entirely covered by visceral peritoneum except at its hilum where the vascular structures enter." Reference:
Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 8th ed. Wolters Kluwer, 2018.
Gray's Anatomy for Students, 4th ed., Elsevier, 2019.
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NEW QUESTION # 76
Which arterial branches lie at the base of the renal pyramids?
- A. Segmental
- B. Arcuate
- C. Interlobular
- D. Interlobar
Answer: B
Explanation:
The arcuate arteries are located at the corticomedullary junction, arching over the base of the renal pyramids.
They form as the interlobar arteries reach the boundary between the cortex and medulla. The arcuate arteries give rise to the interlobular arteries, which supply the renal cortex.
* Segmental arteries (A) branch directly from the renal artery.
* Interlobar arteries (B) course between the renal pyramids.
* Interlobular arteries (D) extend into the cortex from the arcuate arteries.
Reference Extracts:
* Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AM. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 7th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013.
* Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.
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NEW QUESTION # 77
Which condition is most consistent with the sonographic appearance indicated by the arrows on this image obtained post thyroidectomy?
- A. Recurring papillary thyroid cancer
- B. Normal postsurgical lymph node
- C. Reactive lymph node
- D. Residual glandular tissue
Answer: A
Explanation:
The ultrasound image shows a hypoechoic, round structure with internal microcalcifications - hallmarks of recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) metastasis in a lymph node.
Key sonographic features supporting recurrent papillary thyroid cancer:
* Hypoechoic round lymph node (loss of normal oval shape and hilum)
* Microcalcifications (punctate echogenic foci) - highly suggestive of metastatic PTC
* Abnormal morphology (loss of fatty hilum, rounded shape, increased vascularity if Doppler used)
* Seen in the thyroid bed or lateral neck post-thyroidectomy
Why the other options are incorrect:
* B. Normal postsurgical lymph node - Would be oval with echogenic hilum and no microcalcifications
* C. Residual glandular tissue - Would have a more homogeneous echotexture similar to thyroid tissue and be located at the thyroid bed, not necessarily nodal
* D. Reactive lymph node - May be enlarged but retain a normal hilum and vascular pattern, and lack microcalcifications Reference:
ACR TI-RADS Guidelines for Thyroid Nodule Assessment
Radiopaedia: "Lymph node metastases from papillary thyroid carcinoma"
Ahuja A, Ying M. "Sonographic Evaluation of Cervical Lymph Nodes." AJR, 2005
NEW QUESTION # 78
Which description is associated with the normal sonographic appearance of a tendon?
- A. Hyperechoic with posterior shadowing
- B. Thin hypoechoic structure
- C. Hypoechoic with enhancement
- D. Cord-like hyperechoic linear structure
Answer: D
Explanation:
On ultrasound, tendons appear as cord-like hyperechoic structures with linear fibrillar echotexture when imaged in long axis. The fibrils are highly reflective, creating the typical hyperechoic appearance. Posterior shadowing is not typical unless there is calcification.
According to Rumack's Diagnostic Ultrasound:
"Tendons have a highly organized hyperechoic linear fibrillar pattern when examined along their long axis." Reference:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.
AIUM Practice Parameter for Musculoskeletal Ultrasound, 2020.
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NEW QUESTION # 79
Which term best describes the common bile duct measured in this image of a postcholecystectomy patient?
- A. Dilated
- B. Normal
- C. Atretic
- D. Inflamed
Answer: B
Explanation:
The ultrasound image shows a measured common bile duct (CBD) diameter of 7.9 mm in a postcholecystectomy patient. In patients who have undergone cholecystectomy, mild dilation of the CBD is considered normal and is a well-recognized post-surgical change.
Normal upper limits for CBD diameter:
* In patients with a gallbladder: #6 mm is generally considered normal.
* In postcholecystectomy patients: up to 10 mm is considered within normal limits, as the CBD compensates for the absence of the gallbladder and slightly enlarges over time.
* With aging, the CBD may enlarge by approximately 1 mm per decade after age 60.
Therefore, a CBD diameter of 7.9 mm in a patient without a gallbladder is considered normal.
Differentiation from other options:
* B. Dilated: This would typically refer to a CBD diameter >10 mm in postcholecystectomy patients, or
>6 mm in patients with an intact gallbladder.
* C. Inflamed: Inflammation refers to wall thickening or hyperemia, which is not evaluated simply by measuring diameter.
* D. Atretic: Describes a congenitally absent or severely narrowed duct - not applicable here.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th Edition. Elsevier, 2018.
Chapter: Biliary System, pp. 143-146.
American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) Practice Parameter for the Performance of a Hepatobiliary Ultrasound Examination, 2020.
Radiopaedia.org. Common bile duct: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/common-bile-duct
NEW QUESTION # 80
What is a major advantage of power Doppler over color flow Doppler?
- A. Ease of determining flow direction
- B. Doppler angle independent
- C. Decreased sensitivity to motion artifacts
- D. Improved signal-to-noise ratio
Answer: D
Explanation:
Power Doppler measures the amplitude (strength) of Doppler signals rather than frequency shift, making it more sensitive to low-velocity and small-vessel blood flow. Its primary advantage is an improved signal-to- noise ratio, allowing for better visualization of slow or weak flow.
* A: Power Doppler is more sensitive to motion artifacts, not less.
* B: It is still angle dependent, though somewhat less so than color Doppler.
* D: Power Doppler does not display flow direction (a limitation).
Reference Extracts:
* Kremkau FW. Sonography Principles and Instruments. 9th ed. Elsevier, 2015.
* Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.
NEW QUESTION # 81
Which renal anomaly is demonstrated on this image?
- A. Duplicated collecting system
- B. Horseshoe kidney
- C. Pelvic kidney
- D. Crossed renal ectopia
Answer: B
Explanation:
The ultrasound image labeled "SAG RUQ KIDNEY" demonstrates a midline sagittal view showing a renal parenchymal structure that extends across the midline anterior to the aorta and vertebral bodies, suggesting the presence of a horseshoe kidney.
A horseshoe kidney is a congenital renal anomaly in which the lower poles of both kidneys are fused across the midline by a parenchymal or fibrous isthmus. This isthmus typically lies anterior to the aorta and inferior vena cava and can be seen as a hypoechoic band of tissue crossing the midline on ultrasound.
Ultrasound findings characteristic of a horseshoe kidney:
* Abnormally low position of the kidneys in the abdomen
* Renal tissue (isthmus) bridging the lower poles anterior to the great vessels
* Renal axes may be more horizontal than usual
* Kidneys may appear closer together or "kissing" the spine anteriorly
Differentiation from other options:
* A. Duplicated collecting system: Manifests as two separate collecting systems within one kidney, often with a central renal sinus split into two - not typically midline bridging.
* B. Crossed renal ectopia: Involves one kidney crossing midline and fusing with the other on the opposite side, but they do not form a midline isthmus.
* D. Pelvic kidney: A single kidney located in the pelvis due to failed ascent - it does not appear as midline fusion of two kidneys.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th Edition. Elsevier, 2018.
Chapter: Urinary Tract, pp. 215-218.
American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM). Practice Parameter for the Performance of an Ultrasound Examination of the Abdomen and/or Retroperitoneum. 2020.
Radiopaedia.org. Horseshoe kidney: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/horseshoe-kidney
NEW QUESTION # 82
What is the most common location of a pancreatic pseudocyst?
- A. Right subdiaphragmatic space
- B. Left pericolic gutter
- C. Left anterior pararenal space
- D. Lesser sac
Answer: D
Explanation:
Pancreatic pseudocysts most commonly develop in the lesser sac, which lies between the posterior wall of the stomach and the anterior surface of the pancreas. This space allows for the accumulation of pancreatic fluid collections following pancreatitis or pancreatic ductal disruption.
* The left anterior pararenal space (B) is a secondary location.
* The right subdiaphragmatic space (C) and left pericolic gutter (D) are less common sites.
Reference Extracts:
* Mortele KJ, Wiesner W, et al."Pancreatic pseudocysts: imaging features and diagnostic difficulties." Radiographics. 2004;24(4):1005-1020.
* Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.
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NEW QUESTION # 83
Which scanning technique is most beneficial when imaging the appendix?
- A. Image small bowel transversely to evaluate for peristalsis
- B. Apply graded compression around the patient's area of pain
- C. Image in the longitudinal plane around the iliac vessels
- D. Apply light pressure around the patient's area of pain
Answer: B
Explanation:
Graded compression technique is the gold standard for ultrasound evaluation of the appendix. It displaces gas and compresses overlying bowel loops to visualize the noncompressible, blind-ending tubular appendix directly at the point of maximal tenderness.
According to Rumack's Diagnostic Ultrasound:
"Graded compression using steady, increasing pressure displaces gas and bowel to optimize visualization of the appendix." Reference:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.
AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of an Ultrasound Examination of the Abdomen, 2020.
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NEW QUESTION # 84
Which condition is most likely associated with this image of the common bile duct?
- A. Pancreatic head mass
- B. Gallbladder stones
- C. Liver mass
- D. Cystic duct stone
Answer: A
Explanation:
The ultrasound image demonstrates a dilated common bile duct (CBD), measuring approximately 7.7 mm in diameter. A normal CBD should generally measure less than 6 mm in a patient under 60 years old and may increase approximately 1 mm per decade thereafter or after cholecystectomy.
In the absence of gallstones within the CBD, one of the most concerning causes of CBD dilation is distal obstruction due to an extrinsic compressive lesion. The most common and clinically significant cause of distal CBD obstruction is a mass at the head of the pancreas.
A pancreatic head mass (e.g., adenocarcinoma) may compress the distal CBD and pancreatic duct simultaneously, resulting in the "double duct sign" - dilation of both the CBD and pancreatic duct. This is a classic finding in pancreatic cancer.
Comparison of answer choices:
* A. Liver mass - unlikely to cause isolated CBD dilation unless invading the porta hepatis.
* B. Cystic duct stone - may cause gallbladder hydrops but typically not CBD dilation unless Mirizzi syndrome is present.
* C. Pancreatic head mass - Correct. This is the most likely cause of painless progressive CBD dilation without visible intraductal stones.
* D. Gallbladder stones - These may be associated with biliary colic or cholecystitis but typically do not cause CBD dilation unless the stone has migrated and obstructed the distal duct.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound, 5th ed. Elsevier; 2017.
Lee JK, Sagel SS, Stanley RJ.Computed Body Tomography with MRI Correlation, 4th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.
ACR Appropriateness Criteria Right Upper Quadrant Pain (2021).
NEW QUESTION # 85
Which condition presents sonographically as an anechoic mass between the umbilicus and the bladder?
- A. Bladder abscess
- B. Mesenteric cyst
- C. Urachal cyst
- D. Urinoma
Answer: C
Explanation:
A urachal cyst arises from incomplete closure of the urachus, a remnant of the fetal allantoic duct connecting the bladder to the umbilicus. It appears as a midline, anechoic, nonvascular mass located between the bladder dome and the umbilicus.
According to Rumack's Diagnostic Ultrasound:
"A urachal cyst is a midline, anechoic structure located between the bladder and umbilicus, resulting from incomplete obliteration of the urachus." Reference:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.
AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of Ultrasound of the Pelvis, 2020.
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NEW QUESTION # 86
Which technique is used to demonstrate the finding in this video?
- A. Compression
- B. Deep inspiration
- C. Valsalva
- D. Exhalation
Answer: A
Explanation:
The technique shown in the video is compression. In ultrasound imaging-especially of soft tissue masses, the bowel, or venous structures-compression is used to evaluate the compressibility of structures. The image demonstrates a classic grayscale ultrasound view of a lesion or structure being compressed with the probe.
Compression sonography is particularly important in:
* Evaluating venous patency (e.g., for deep vein thrombosis)
* Differentiating cystic from solid structures
* Evaluating bowel wall abnormalities or intussusception
* Assessing lymph nodes and soft tissue masses (as shown here)
When a structure compresses easily under probe pressure, it suggests that the lesion is fluid-filled or soft. In contrast, incompressibility may indicate a solid mass or thrombus.
Differentiation from other options:
* B. Valsalva: Involves forced expiration against a closed airway, used primarily to assess venous reflux or inguinal hernias-not what is demonstrated here.
* C. Exhalation: A respiratory maneuver that passively alters thoracoabdominal pressure, not actively performed by the operator or causing focal structural change.
* D. Deep inspiration: Used to improve visualization of the liver, diaphragm, or gallbladder-not to evaluate the compressibility of soft tissue.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th Edition. Elsevier, 2018.
Chapter: Ultrasound Technique and Physics, pp. 35-39.
AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of a Diagnostic Ultrasound Examination, 2020.
NEW QUESTION # 87
Which condition is demonstrated in this image of the groin?
- A. Hematocele
- B. Orchiectomy
- C. Indirect hernia
- D. Testicular rupture
Answer: C
Explanation:
The ultrasound image demonstrates bowel loops with peristalsis visualized within the inguinal canal, which is diagnostic of an inguinal hernia-more specifically, an indirect inguinal hernia. Indirect hernias pass through the deep inguinal ring and may extend into the scrotum, appearing sonographically as bowel-containing masses adjacent to or within the scrotal sac. Peristaltic motion confirms the presence of viable bowel content.
This finding is typical in indirect inguinal hernias, which are more common in males and often congenital due to a patent processus vaginalis. The herniated bowel can be traced through the inguinal canal, as seen in this image.
Comparison of answer choices:
* A. Hematocele presents as a complex fluid collection surrounding the testis, often due to trauma-no complex fluid or trauma is apparent here.
* B. Testicular rupture shows discontinuity of the tunica albuginea and irregular testicular contour-none of which is seen.
* C. Orchiectomy would show an absent testis-this is not the case here.
* D. Indirect hernia is correct. The presence of bowel with peristalsis in the inguinal canal is diagnostic.
References:
Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound, 5th ed. Elsevier; 2017.
AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of Scrotal Ultrasound Examinations (2021).
Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Rubens DJ, Oka M. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology. 2003;227(1):18-36
NEW QUESTION # 88
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