Microsoft AZ-400 : Designing and Implementing Microsoft DevOps Solutions

• recommend a deployment solution (e.g., GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Jenkins, CircleCI, etc.)
• design and implement Infrastructure as code (ARM, Terraform, PowerShell, CLI)
• develop application deployment process (container, binary, scripts)
• develop database deployment process (migrations, data movement, ETL)
• integrate configuration management as part of the release process
• develop complex deployments (IoT, Azure IoT Edge, mobile, App Center, DR, multi-region, CDN, sovereign cloud, Azure Stack, etc.)

• combine release targets depending on release deliverable (e.g., Infrastructure, code,assets, etc.)
• design the release pipeline to ensure reliable order of dependency deployments
• organize shared release configurations and process (YAML templates, variable groups, Azure App Configuration)
• design and implement release gates and approval processes

• design a release strategy (blue/green, canary, ring)
• implement the release strategy (using deployment slots, load balancer configurations, Azure Traffic Manager, feature toggle, etc.)
• select the appropriate desired state solution for a deployment environment (PowerShell DSC, Chef, Puppet, etc.)
• plan for minimizing downtime during deployments (VIP Swap, Load balancer, rolling deployments, etc.)
• design a hotfix path plan for responding to high priority code fixes

• design an access solution (Azure AD Privileged Identity Management (PIM), Azure AD Conditional Access, MFA, Azure AD B2B, etc.)
• implement Service Principals and Managed Identity
• design an application access solution using Azure AD B2C
• configure service connections

• evaluate and configure vault solution (Azure Key Vault, Hashicorp Vault)
• manage security certificates
• design a secrets storage and retrieval strategy (KeyVault secrets, GitHub secrets, Azure Pipelines secrets)
• formulate a plan for deploying secret files as part of a release

• automate dependencies scanning for security (container scanning, OWASP)
• automate dependencies scanning for compliance (licenses: MIT, GPL)
• assess and report risks
• design a source code compliance solution (e.g., GitHub Code scanning, GitHub Secretscanning, pipeline-based scans, Git hooks, SonarQube, Dependabot,etc.)

- Design governance enforcement mechanisms

• implement Azure policies to enforce organizational requirements
• implement container scanning (e.g., static scanning, malware, crypto mining)
• design and implement Azure Container Registry Tasks
• design break-the-glass strategy for responding to security incidents

• integrate the build pipeline with external tools (e.g., Dependency and security scanning, Code coverage)
• implement quality gates (e.g., code coverage, internationalization, peer review)
• design a testing strategy (e.g., integration, load, fuzz, API, chaos)
• integrate multiple tools (e.g., GitHub Actions, Azure Pipeline, Jenkins)

- Design a package management strategy

• recommend package management tools (e.g., GitHub Packages, Azure Artifacts, Azure Automation Runbooks Gallery, Nuget, Jfrog, Artifactory)
• design an Azure Artifacts implementation including linked feeds
• design versioning strategy for code assets (e.g., SemVer, date based)
• plan for assessing and updating and reporting package dependencies (GitHub Automated Security Updates, NuKeeper, GreenKeeper)
• design a versioning strategy for packages (e.g., SemVer, date based)
• design a versioning strategy for deployment artifacts

• assess a configuration management mechanism for application infrastructure
• define and enforce desired state configuration for environments

- Implement a build strategy

• design and implement build agent infrastructure (include cost, tool selection, licenses, maintainability)
• develop and implement build trigger rules
• develop build pipelines
• design build orchestration (products that are composed of multiple builds)
• integrate configuration into build process
• develop complex build scenarios (e.g., containerized agents, hybrid, GPU)

- Maintain build strategy

• monitor pipeline health (failure rate, duration, flaky tests)
• optimize build (cost, time, performance, reliability)
• analyze CI load to determine build agent configuration and capacity

- Design a process for standardizing builds across organization

• manage self-hosted build agents (VM templates, containerization, etc.)
• create reuseable build subsystems (YAML templates, Task Groups, Variable Groups, etc.)

• assess and Configure a log framework
• design a log aggregation and storage strategy (e.g., Azure storage)
• design a log aggregation and query strategy (e.g., Azure Monitor, Splunk)
• manage access control to logs (workspace-centric/resource-centric)
• integrate crash analytics (App Center Crashes, Crashlytics)

• design and implement distributed tracing
• inspect application performance indicators
• inspect infrastructure performance indicators
• define and measure key metrics (CPU, memory, disk, network)
• implement alerts on key metrics (email, SMS, webhooks, Teams/Slack)
• integrate user analytics (e.g., Application Insights funnels, Visual Studio App Center, TestFlight, Google Analytics)

• configure and integrate container monitoring (Azure Monitor, Prometheus, etc.)
• configure and integrate with monitoring tools (Azure Monitor Application Insights, Dynatrace, New Relic, Naggios, Zabbix)
• create feedback loop from platform monitoring tools (e.g., Azure Diagnostics extension, Log Analytics agent, Azure Platform Logs, Event Grid)
• manage Access control to the monitoring platform

• integrate/migrate disparate source control systems (e.g., GitHub, Azure Repos)
• design authentication strategies
• design approach for managing large binary files (e.g., Git LFS)
• design approach for cross repository sharing (e.g., Git sub-modules, packages)
• implement workflow hooks
• design approach for efficient code reviews (e.g., GitHub code review assignments, schedule reminders, Pull Analytics)

- Plan and implement branching strategies for the source code

• define Pull Requests (PR) guidelines to enforce work item correlation
• implement branch merging restrictions (e.g., branch policies, branch protections, manual, etc.)
• define branch strategy (e.g., trunk based, feature branch, release branch, GitHub flow)
• design and implement a PR workflow (code reviews, approvals)
• enforce static code analysis for code-quality consistency on PR

• configure permissions in the source control repository
• organize the repository with git-tags
• plan for handling oversized repositories
• plan for content recovery in all repository states
• purge data from source control

- Integrate source control with tools

• integrate GitHub with DevOps pipelines
• integrate GitHub with identity management solutions (Azure AD)
• design for GitOps
• design for ChatOps
• integrate source control artifacts for human consumption (e.g., Git changelog)
• integrate GitHub Codespaces

• identify and recommend metrics on which to base alerts
• implement alerts using appropriate metrics
• implement alerts based on appropriate log messages
• implement alerts based on application health checks
• analyze combinations of metrics
• develop communication mechanism to notify users of degraded systems
• implement alerts for self-healing activities (e.g., scaling, failovers)

• analyze behavior of system with regards to load and failure conditions
• calculate when a system will fail under various conditions
• measure baseline metrics for system
• Leverage Application Insights Smart Detection and Dynamic thresholds in Azure Monitor

• analyze system dependencies to determine which dependency should be included in health check
• calculate healthy response timeouts based on SLO for the service
• design approach for partial health situations
• design approach for piecemeal recovery (e.g., to improve recovery time objective strategies)
• integrate health check with compute environment
• implement different types of health checks (container liveness, startup, shutdown)

• create dashboards combining boards, pipelines (custom dashboards on Azure DevOps)
• design a cost management communication strategy
• integrate release pipeline with work item tracking (e.g., AZ DevOps, Jira, ServiceNow)
• integrate GitHub as repository with Azure Boards
• communicate user analytics

- Generate DevOps process documentation

• design onboarding process for new employees
• assess and document external dependencies (e.g., integrations, packages)
• assess and document artifacts (version, release notes)

- Automate communication with team members

• integrate monitoring tools with communication platforms (e.g., Teams, Slack, dashboards)
• notify stakeholders about key metrics, alerts, severity using communication and project management platforms (e.g., Email, SMS, Slack, Teams, ServiceNow, etc.)
• integrate build and release with communication platforms (e.g., build fails, release fails)
• integrate GitHub pull request approvals via mobile apps